INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Eco tourism: A Tool for Sustainable Development

By:

Dr. Vandana Tiwari

HOD

Department of Economics

Mata Gujri Mahila Mahavidyalaya

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:

·         the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and

·         the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."

Sustainable Development is often an over-used word, but goes to the heart of tackling a number of inter-related global issues such as poverty, inequality, hunger and environmental degradation. The idea of sustainable development grew from numerous environmental movements in earlier decades. Summits such as the Earth Summit in Rio, Brazil, 1992, were major international meetings to bring sustainable development to the mainstream. The concept of sustainability means many different things to different people, and a large part of humanity around the world still live without access to basic necessities.

Poverty & Sustainable Development

The causes of poverty and of environmental degradation are inter-related suggesting that approaching sustainable development requires understanding the issues in many ways.

Poverty and a degraded environment are closely inter-related, especially where people depend for their livelihoods primarily on the natural resource base of their immediate environment. Restoring natural systems and improving natural resource management practices at the grassroots level are central to a strategy to eliminate poverty. The survival needs of the poor force them to continue to degrade an already degraded environment. Removal of poverty is therefore a prerequisite for the protection of the environment. Poverty magnifies the problem of hunger and malnutrition. The problem is further compounded by the inequitable access of the poor to the food that is available. It is therefore necessary to strengthen the public distribution system to overcome this inequity. Diversion of common and marginal lands to ‘economically useful purposes’ deprives the poor of a resource base which has traditionally met many of their sustenance needs. Market forces also lead to the elimination of crops that have traditionally been integral to the diet of the poor, thereby threatening food security and nutritional status.

Concept of Eco-tourism

Fundamentally, Eco-tourism means making as little environmental impact as possible and helping to sustain the indigenous populace, thereby encouraging the preservation of wildlife and habitats when visiting a place. This is responsible form of tourism and tourism development, which encourages going back to natural products in every aspect of life. It is also the key to sustainable ecological development.

The International Eco-tourism Society defines Eco-tourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." This means that those who implement and participate in Eco-tourism activities should follow the following principles:

• Minimize impact
• Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect
• Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts
• Provide direct financial benefits for conservation
• Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people
• Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate
• Support international human rights and labour agreements

Eco-tourism is more than a catch phrase for nature loving travel and recreation. Eco-tourism is consecrated for preserving and sustaining the diversity of the world's natural and cultural environments. It accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is minimally intrusive or destructive to the environment and sustains & supports the native cultures in the locations it is operating in. Responsibility of both travelers and service providers is the genuine meaning for Eco-tourism.

Eco-tourism also endeavors to encourage and support the diversity of local economies for which the tourism-related income is important. With support from tourists, local services and producers can compete with larger, foreign companies and local families can support themselves. Besides all these, the revenue produced from tourism helps and encourages governments to fund conservation projects and training programs.

Saving the environment around you and preserving the natural luxuries and forest life, that's what eco-tourism is all about. Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal growth and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Responsible Eco-tourism includes programs that minimize the adverse effects of traditional tourism on the natural environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, initiatives by hospitality providers to promote recycling, energy efficiency, water reuse, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities are an integral part of Eco-tourism.

Eco-tourism is considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry, according to the World Tourism Organization with an annual growth rate of 5% worldwide and representing 6% of the world gross domestic product, 11.4% of all consumer spending - not a market to be taken lightly.

Advantages of Eco-tourism

The goals of Eco-tourism are to help the environment, preserve natural resources as well as help the local communities and economies. Eco-tourism is an industry that stands to make a lot of money from tourists that are seeking environmentally friendly vacations or ecologically friendly activities. The money from ecotourism could be used to preserve nature, wildlife, species and earth's natural resources as well as help local people with access to civilization and education.

For example, if a country is prime for Eco-tourism, the money could be used to preserve the environment in that country so that the natural resources would last longer. Local residents could also benefit from the growth in their economy and no longer have to live poorly. This, however, usually does not happen in reality because the locals rarely benefit from the growth of their economy. The investors and foreign corporations do. And the environment and natural resources rarely get preserved because they are worth more in a theme park attracting Eco-tourists.

As a socially responsible person, you probably want to make the world a little better. Even when you travel, you might try to visit undeveloped areas where your tourism dollars can help a local economy thrive. You might even contribute your time to the community as a volunteer. Eco-tourism's idealistic goal is to improve the world through responsible travel; while its effects will probably never match its ideals, travelers can offer very real benefits to local communities.

Conservation

Eco-tourism's primary aim is to counteract the negative effects of human development. People who live in cities often choose to visit pristine jungles, mountains and beaches to enjoy their beauty. As local communities begin to see their natural resources as sources of tourist income, the communities may work harder to protect those resources. In many cases, locals find work as tour guides and discover that their jobs depend on local conservation efforts. (See References 1)

Local Business

Aside from tour guides, a range of local businesses benefit from Eco-tourism. Craftspeople, innkeepers and restaurateurs all provide services that help tourists discover local features. A 2003 study of Costa Rican communities found that once Eco-tourism has boosted an economy, people stop cutting trees because they are simply too busy. The same study, however, found that such a behavioral change didn't necessarily indicate greater environmental awareness. Once the local economy experiences some success, development starts to threaten natural resources (see References 3 and 4).

Cultural Exchange

The same Costa Rican study found that people with more education were less likely to be environmentally destructive. In fact, education and awareness may be the true benefits of Eco-tourism and provide the most lasting effect. Ecotourists meeting people who live more closely with nature may learn to live more simply themselves. Meanwhile, locals gain the funds and the ability to pursue more education of their own, giving them a better understanding of world issues like environmentalism.

Eco Tourism in Under Developed Countries

Tourism might not be the ultimate answer to poverty and economic woes, but it is a major boon for places around the world that suffer from a lack of natural resources or industry. For instance, tourism is a hugely important industry in the Caribbean. Without flocks of resort-goers, nations in this part of the world would have to rely more heavily on agriculture, leaving their economies at the mercy of the fluctuating prices of commodities like coffee, sugar and bananas.

There are plenty of valid concerns about the environmental impact of hotel construction, excessive tourist traffic and cruise ships, but it isn't fair to leave the positive economic impact out of the mass-tourism discussion. Large resorts employ hundreds of local people, and local entrepreneurs, from taxi drivers to guides to souvenir shop owners, benefit from the tourism trade.

The Eco-tourism industry's growth depends on practicality as much as it does on the will to conserve the environment. Ultimately, success will not only be measured by the acres of forest saved, but also by the amount of money earned and the number of jobs created. The International Eco-tourism Society (TIES) recognizes the human element in Eco-tourism. It defines the oft-catch-phrased term “Eco-tourism” as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people."

Many places that are considered Eco-tourism destinations have experienced varying levels of success. Here are three destinations in various parts of the world that are in different stages of development, but owe for eco tourism.

Dominica

This island nation has turned to Eco-tourism because it lacks the geography that makes other Caribbean destinations so popular among tourists seeking a warm-weather vacation. The postcard-like beach scenes of Jamaica and the Bahamas are absent from Dominica. The island has a rocky coast and, though its waters are clear and ideal for diving, it has never developed a mainstream resort industry. Proclaiming itself the Nature Island, Dominica has instead advertised its natural, undeveloped beauty. Hot springs and waterfalls, dense jungles and rugged coastline draw more adventurous travelers and nature lovers.
However, the number of visitors to Dominica is not substantial enough to make nature tourism the backbone of the nation's economy. Brand-name resorts are difficult to find on Dominica. Most of the accommodations are small-scale, locally owned venues. Some are full-fledged eco-resorts built in natural settings and offer a full menu of nature-themed activities. So, despite the overall lack of tourism infrastructure, the tourists who do come to Dominica are seeing more of their dollars go to locals rather than to multinational resort chains.

A culture of conservation has been developed in Dominica. Local guides are involved in protecting one of the more popular tourist draws: nesting sea turtles. The giant amphibians lay their eggs on the seashore, with some choosing to use the sands of the beaches of the capital city. Specially trained local guides lead limited tours to the nesting areas so as not interfere with the nesting process. This type of grassroots effort is an example of the ability to balance a successful tourism attraction with a conservation effort. This culture of conservation is one of the reasons that Dominica remains such a promising eco-tourism destination.

Botswana

This nation in southern Africa does not have to rely as heavily on tourism as Dominica and its Caribbean cousins. A relatively wealthy nation with one of the highest per capita GDP in Africa, tourism is one of the main economic alternatives to the industry that has made Botswana wealthy, diamond mining. As a landlocked country without many urban areas, nature-themed tourism is the main part of the industry by default. The backbone of this would-be tourism boom is nature-viewing safaris to places like Chobe National Park, the Okavango Delta and the vast Kalahari Desert. These uninhabited, wildlife-filled lands are considered to be among the last few untouched and truly natural places on the continent.

To limit the number of tourists while still enjoying healthy profits, Botswana has focused on developing high-end safari tourism. Tourists pay a high premium for an all-inclusive safari that offers both comfort and easy access to the wilderness. The government can control the industry and keep out mass-market safari companies because it has strict licensing guidelines for travel companies. Would-be companies are required to complete an environmental impact report as part of their application process. There is also a national eco-tourism certification program that further encourages tourism businesses to be more eco-friendly.

Suriname

This small, unique South American nation has an ethnically diverse population and sits on the northeastern part of the continent. Most of the people here live along the Caribbean coastline. The country's undeveloped interior is ripe for logging, but the Surinamese government, along with international conservation organizations, has decided to protect a large part of the interior from exploitation. The giant Central Suriname Nature Reserve is made up of primary forest. With the help of Conservation International, the government is trying to develop this area for tourism. Lack of infrastructure has hindered development and made it expensive to visit this area, but the reserve remains protected from logging and the government seems intent on continuing to place its bets on eco-tourism. Already operational nature preserves are found along the coastline.
 In India too the movement is gathering momentum with more and more travel and travel related organisation's are addressing the needs of the eco-tourists and promoting eco-tourism in the country. Some basic do's and don'ts of eco-tourism are listed below:

Ecotourism in India

Though it sounds clichéd, India is one of the most unique countries in the world. The physical, economical, cultural and religious diversity of India has always been an enigma for the rest of the world. Hence, people from all over the world have been attracted to this huge and mysterious land in the east. With India rapidly emerging as a major economic stronghold, every sector in the nation is witnessing tremendous growth and development. One such rapidly growing sector in India is tourism and one of its offshoots that is drawing tourists from across the globe is Eco-tourism in India.

Tourism with a Difference

Eco-tourism in India is a niche industry that has mainly developed in the past few years. Eco-tourism is largely based on the concept of sustained tourism or Eco-friendly tourism. It has often been the case with the tourist destinations in India where the ecological balance of a fragile area has degraded drastically due to the pressure of tourism. Hence, the country is trying to promote tourism in a manner in which it generates considerable revenue without disturbing the delicate ecosystem in the region. This type of tourism is extremely essential for India considering that it has one of the richest bio diversities in the world. The nation is blessed with the massive Himalayan barricade in the north, an extensive peninsula with a rich coastal line on both sides and rich forests and landscapes that are unique to the nation of India. Hence, the government is trying to push the concept of Eco-tourism so that these rich habitats do not get affected even after the influx of tourists.

Forms of Eco-tourism in India

There are various forms of Eco-tourism in India that attract an increasing number of tourists each year. Some of the most prominent forms include Wildlife tourism, Agro tourism, Village tourism and even Religious tourism. Of these, wildlife tourism is emerging as one of the most popular forms of Eco-tourism in India. India has an unbelievable diversity with respect to flora and fauna and has some of the most renowned national parks and tiger reserves like Kanha, Ranthambore, Kaziranga, Corbett and Sunderbans. Apart from this, agro tourism is making its own mark and tourists are flocking to India to get a taste of the rustic rural life of the countryside.

These are some of the aspects that have promoted Eco-tourism in India to a great extent. However, India's full potential is yet to be realized and in the future years the country can expect to reap some great rewards.

The Economic Impacts of Eco-tourism

There are two related, but distinct, economic concepts in Eco-tourism: economic impact and economic value. Economic impact, which refers to the change in sales, income, jobs, or other parameter generated by Eco-tourism.   A common Eco-tourism goal is the generation of economic benefits, whether they are profits for companies, jobs for communities, or revenues for parks.   Eco-tourism plays a particularly important role because it can create jobs in remote regions that historically have benefited less from economic development programs than have more populous areas.   Even a small number of jobs may be significant in communities where populations are low and alternatives are few.

This economic impact can increase political and financial support for conservation. Protected areas and nature conservation generally, provide many benefits to society, including preservation of biodiversity, maintenance of watersheds, and so on.   Unfortunately, many of these benefits are intangible. However, the benefits associated with recreation and tourism in protected areas tends to be tangible. For example, divers at a marine park spend money on lodging, food, and other goods and services, thereby providing employment for local and non-local residents. These positive economic impacts can lead to increased support for the protected areas with which they are associated. This is one reason why Eco-tourism has been embraced as a means for enhancing conservation of natural resources.

The impacts of Eco-tourism, or any economic activity, can be grouped into three categories: direct, indirect, and induced.   Direct impacts are those arising from the initial tourism spending, such as money spent at a restaurant.   The restaurant buys goods and services (inputs) from other businesses, thereby generating indirect impacts.   In addition, the restaurant employees spend part of their wages to buy various goods and services, thereby generating induced impacts.   Of course, if the restaurant purchases the goods and services from outside the region of interest, then the money provides no indirect impact to the region -- it leaks away.  

By identifying the leakages, or conversely the linkages within the economy, the indirect and induced impacts of tourism can be estimated.   In addition, this information can be used to identify what goods are needed but are not being produced in the region, how much demand there is for such goods, and what the likely benefits of local production would be.   This enables policy makers to determine priorities for developing inputs for use by the tourism or other industries.

Poverty & Sustainable Development

The study of Eco-tourism offers many opportunities to reflect on the importance of sustainability, and the possibilities of implementing approaches which move us in a new direction. But it also suggests that there are significant obstacles. Overcoming these obstacles requires more than well-intentioned policies; it requires a new correlation of social forces, a move towards broad-based democratic participation in all aspects of life, within each country and in the concert of nations. Strategies to face these challenges must respond to the dual challenges of insulating these communities from further encroachment and assuring their viability.
The obstacles are an integral part of the world system, a system of increasing duality, polarized between the rich and poor --nations, regions, communities, and individuals. A small number of nations dominate the global power structure, guiding production and determining welfare levels. The remaining nations compete among themselves to offer lucrative conditions that will entice the corporate and financial powers to locate within their boundaries. Similarly, regions and communities within nations engage in self-destructive forms of bargaining --compromising the welfare of their workers and the building of their own infrastructure-- in an attempt to outbid each other for the fruits of global growth. The regions unable to attract investment suffer the ignoble fate of losers in a permanent economic olympics, condemned to oblivion on the world stage, their populations doomed to marginality and permanent poverty.
Sustainability is not possible as long as the expansion of capital enlarges the ranks of the poor and impedes their access to the resources needed for mere survival. Capitalism no longer needs growing armies of unemployed to ensure low wages, nor need it control vast areas to secure regular access to the raw materials and primary products for its productive machine; these inputs are now assured by new institutional arrangements that modified social and productive structures to fit the needs of capital. At present, however, great excesses are generated, excesses that impoverish people and ravage their regions. Profound changes are required to facilitate a strategy of sustainable development: in the last section we explore such an approach, suggesting that ecotourist development strategies may contribute to promoting a new form of dualism: a dual structure that allows people to rebuild their rural societies, produce goods and services in a sustainable fashion while expanding the environmental stewardship services they have always provided.
Research shows that when given the chance and access to resources, the poor are more likely than other groups to engage in direct actions to protect and improve the environment. From this perspective, an alternative development model requires new ways to encourage the direct participation of peasant and indigenous communities in a program of job creation in rural areas to increase incomes and improve living standards. By proposing policies that encourage and safeguard rural producers in their efforts to become once again a vibrant and viable social and productive force, this essay proposes to contribute to an awareness of the deliberate steps needed to promote sustainability.
In the ultimate analysis, we rediscover that in present conditions, the very accumulation of wealth creates poverty. While the poor often survive in scandalous conditions and are forced to contribute to further degradation, they do so because they know no alternatives. Even in the poorest of countries, social chasms not only prevent resources from being used to ameliorate their situation, but actually compound the damage by forcing people from their communities and denying them the opportunities to devise their own solutions. For this reason, the search for sustainability involves a dual strategy: on the one hand, it must involve an unleashing of the bonds that restrain people from strengthening their own organizations, or creating new ones, to use their relatively meager resources to search for an alternative and autonomous resolution to their problems. On the other hand, a sustainable development strategy must contribute to the forging of a new social pact, cemented in the recognition that the eradication of poverty and the democratic incorporation of the disenfranchised into a more diverse productive structure are essential.
Sustainable development, however, is not an approach that will be accepted, simply because "its time has come." In the final analysis, it involves a political struggle for control over the productive apparatus. It requires a redefinition of not only what and how we produce but also of who will be allowed produce and for what ends. For organizations involved in projects of sustainable development in rural areas, the conflict will center around control of mechanisms of local political and economic power, and the use of resources. The struggle to assure a greater voice in the process for peasants, indigenous populations, women, and other underprivileged minorities, will not assure that their decisions will lead to sustainable development. But broad-based democratic participation is the best way creates the basis for a more equitable distribution of wealth, one of the first prerequisites for forging a strategy of sustainable development.

Concluding Comments

Eco-tourism development is a complex issue that goes well beyond catchphrases and well-meaning attempts at conservation. Without a solid, universal model for creating a balance between a successful eco-tourism industry and a successful conservation movement, countries are left to find a system that works best for themselves. The ideal results of these efforts would be a balanced industry that brings profits to the local economy while strengthening conservation fforts that will keep the natural attractions intact.

The development of commercial ecotourism can increase public support and the total amount of funding available for nature conservation. It can be a positive contributor to the conservation of nature. However, this requires a number of assumptions or conditions to be satisfied and some of these have been outlined in this paper. If these are not satisfied, use of commercial values and ethics in relation to nature conservation can

Have negative consequences for nature conservation. For instance, the total economic value of nature conservation programs may be reduced by this type of emphasis. When over-emphasis on the commercial value occurs, the holistic picture of economic value is lost. Certainly funds obtained from ecotourism development should not be seen as a complete substitute for public funding of nature conservation. While some Substitution might be not acceptable, it should not be on a scale that reduces total public funding of nature conservation, nor be such as to cause substantial distortion in favor only of commercially valuable species and areas for ecotourism. Ideally, the development of wildlife-based tourism should contribute positively to the total amount of funds available for nature conservation, add to overall conservation efforts and results in this regard, and provide enhanced economic benefits to local communities.2,3 To ensure this,

However, requires some precautions to be taken.

References

http:www.globalissues.org

Honey, M. (1999). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development:

Isaacs, J. C. (2000). The Limited Potential of Tourism to Contribute to Wildlife

Conservation. Wildlife Society, Bulletin. 28:61-69.95

Jacobsson, K. M. and A. K. Dragun.(1996). Contingent Valuation of Endangered Species.

Cheltenham U.K.: Edward Elgar.McNeely, J. A., J. W. Thorsell and Ceballos-Lascurain. (1992).

Guidelines: Development of National Parks and Protected Areas for Tourism. Paris:

World Tourism Organization,Madrid and United Nations Environment Program. Pearce, D., A. Markandya and E. G.Barbier. (1989).

Blueprint for a Green Economy. London: Earthscan Publications. Sekerciogll, C. H. (2002).

Environmental Conservation. 29(3):282-289. Tisdell, C. A. (1995).

Investment in Ecotourism: Assessing its Economics.Tourism Economics. 1(4):375-387.

 (1999).

 Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainable Development: Principles and

Practices with Asian Examples. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar. (2001).

Tourism Economics, the Environment and Development: Analysis and Policy. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar. Tisdell, C. A. and Wilson, C.(2002a).

Economic, Educations and Conservation Benefits of Sea Turtle Based Ecotourism: A

Study Focused on Mon Repos, CRC for Sustainable Tourism. Gold Coast Campus: Griffith University. (2002b).

World Heritage Listing of Australian Natural Sites: Tourism Stimulus and it Economic Value.

Economic Analysis and Policy. 32(2):27-49. Wight, P. (1993).

Sustainable Ecotourism: Balancing economics, Environmental and Social Goals within an Ethical Framework. Journal of Tourism Studies. 4(2):54-66.

Garcia, Rolando 1981. Drought and Man, Vol 1: Nature Pleads Not Guilty. Pergamon Press. London.
Glade, William and Charles Reilley (eds.) 1993. Inquiry at the Grassroots: An Inter-American Foundation reader. Inter-American Foundation. Arlington, VA.